According to which philosophy is knowledge obtained primarily through speculation and reasoning?

The philosophy that posits knowledge is primarily obtained through speculation and reasoning is idealism. Idealism emphasizes the role of the mind and ideas in understanding reality, asserting that the ultimate truth is found in abstract concepts rather than the physical world. According to idealists, knowledge emerges from intellectual reasoning and contemplation rather than from empirical observation, which is a hallmark of this philosophical stance.

In idealism, the development of intellectual skills and philosophical inquiry is prioritized, often leading to a belief that ultimate knowledge resides in ideal forms, with the material world serving only as a secondary context for understanding these forms. Such a perspective encourages deep reflection and abstract thinking as vital processes in the acquisition of knowledge.

Other philosophies, such as essentialism, constructivism, and humanism, each have their own distinctive approaches to knowledge acquisition. Essentialism focuses on core knowledge and skills deemed essential for students, constructivism emphasizes learning through experience and social interaction, and humanism centers on personal growth and self-actualization. Each of these philosophies incorporates different methodologies for understanding knowledge, making idealism unique in its reliance on speculation and reasoning.