Perennialism emphasizes the inclusion of which types of subjects in the curriculum?

Perennialism is an educational philosophy that advocates for a curriculum centered around enduring ideas and universal truths that are relevant across time and culture. The emphasis is on subjects that promote critical thinking, ethical reasoning, and an appreciation of beauty. Subjects that are seen as promoting these ideals include literature, philosophy, mathematics, and the sciences, as they cultivate rationality, morality, and aesthetics in students.

In this context, the choice that aligns with the principles of perennialism is the inclusion of cognitive subjects designed to foster these aspects of human development. This approach seeks to develop well-rounded individuals who can think critically and engage with the world in meaningful ways, reflecting the philosophical underpinnings of perennialism.

Other choices are less aligned with this philosophy. For example, an emphasis solely on technological subjects or vocational training would not reflect the perennialist tradition, which values the contemplation of lasting ideas over practical or vocational skills. The focus on artistic elements like only creative arts and music does not encompass the breadth of rational and moral education that perennialism advocates, as it aims to include a more comprehensive range of cognitive subjects.