What educational philosophy opposes extreme reliance on traditional, memorization-based methods of instruction?

The educational philosophy that opposes extreme reliance on traditional, memorization-based methods of instruction is Progressivism. This approach emphasizes experiential learning and critical thinking, encouraging students to engage with the material in ways that are more relevant to their lives and experiences. Progressivism advocates for teaching methods that promote problem-solving, collaboration, and hands-on activities rather than rote memorization.

In this philosophy, the focus shifts from simply transmitting established knowledge to fostering an environment where students can explore concepts actively and develop a deeper understanding through inquiry and reflection. This enables learners to grasp not just the "what" of information but also the "why" and "how," making education more meaningful and applicable to real-world situations.

Meanwhile, other philosophies, such as Essentialism and Perennialism, tend to emphasize traditional teaching styles and established bodies of knowledge, which can involve more memorization. Behaviorism predominantly focuses on observable behaviors and the specific outcomes of instruction, often overlooking the need for deeper, critical engagement with the content.