Which learning theory values the significance of students' previous knowledge and experiences?

Constructivism is a learning theory that emphasizes the importance of students' prior knowledge and experiences as a foundation for new learning. This approach posits that learning is an active process where learners construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences and reflecting on those experiences.

In constructivism, educators take into account what students already know, allowing them to build upon this existing knowledge to facilitate deeper understanding. This theory promotes critical thinking and encourages students to connect new information to their personal experiences, leading to meaningful learning. By validating students' backgrounds and experiences, constructivism fosters engagement and motivation, which are essential for effective learning.

In contrast, behaviorism focuses primarily on observable behaviors and the effects of external stimuli on learning, often neglecting the influence of personal experiences and prior knowledge. Essentialism emphasizes core knowledge and skills deemed essential for education, rather than the individual experiences of students. Progressivism, while it does involve some aspects of experiential learning, does not emphasize the prior knowledge component as centrally as constructivism does. Thus, the correct choice aptly represents the value placed on previous knowledge and experiences in the learning process.