Which philosophy is associated with the idea that knowledge should not be transmitted directly but constructed by the learner?

Constructivism is the philosophy that emphasizes that knowledge is not merely transmitted from teacher to student, but rather, is constructed by the learner through their own experiences and interactions. This approach to education posits that learners actively engage with their environment, draw upon prior knowledge, and construct new understanding as they explore and solve problems.

In a constructivist classroom, teaching strategies may involve collaborative learning experiences, hands-on activities, and opportunities for critical thinking, allowing students to take ownership of their learning process. The emphasis is on the learner as an active participant rather than a passive recipient of information. This approach aligns with the belief that learners develop deeper understanding and retention of knowledge when they are actively involved in the learning process.

The other philosophies mentioned do not embody this principle in the same way. For example, behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and direct instruction, often disregarding the importance of the learner's internal thought processes. Essentialism advocates for a core curriculum delivered through structured teaching methods, and progressivism emphasizes experiential learning, yet still can involve some level of direct transmission of information. However, it is constructivism that is fundamentally aligned with the idea of knowledge as something to be constructed by the learner.