Which philosophy posits that truth exists independently of the individual knower?

The philosophy that posits that truth exists independently of the individual knower is realism. Realism asserts that there is an objective reality that exists outside of our perceptions and beliefs. This perspective emphasizes that knowledge is derived from the observation and understanding of the world around us, which is assumed to exist regardless of whether individuals are aware of it or not. In this view, truths are constants that can be discovered and validated through experience and empirical investigation.

Realism contrasts sharply with other philosophies on the list. For example, idealism centers on the belief that reality is fundamentally shaped by ideas and consciousness, thereby suggesting that truth is more subjective and dependent on perception. Pragmatism focuses on the practical implications and applications of ideas, placing truth in the context of usefulness rather than objective existence. Subjectivism, on the other hand, emphasizes personal perspectives and experiences in the formation of truth, asserting that truth can vary from one individual to another. In summary, realism is distinct in its assertion that truths are independent of our personal perceptions or beliefs, aligning with the understanding of a reality that is observable and measurable.